Bone-forming cells, osteoblasts, osteoclast play an important role in determining bone growth, thickness of the cortical layer and structural arrangement of the lamellae.īone continues to change its internal structure to reach the functional needs and these changes occur through the activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Bone has vascular tissue and cellular activity products, especially during growth which is very dependent on the blood supply as basic source and hormones that greatly regulate this growth process. The solid part remainder consisting of various minerals, especially 76% of calcium salt and 33% of cellular material. Then the subsequent stages of endochondral ossification will take place in several zones of the bone.īone is living tissue that is the hardest among other connective tissues in the body, consists of 50% water. After the primary ossification center is formed, the marrow cavity begins to expand toward the epiphysis. After this formation, chondrocytes in the central region of the cartilage start to proceed with maturation into hypertrophic chondrocytes. Endochondral ossification will form the center of primary ossification, and the cartilage extends by proliferation of chondrocytes and deposition of cartilage matrix. After that, the bone will be reshaped and replaced by mature lamellar bone. This cell will synthesize bone matrix in the periphery and the mesenchymal cells continue to differentiate into osteoblasts. In this process, mesenchymal cells proliferate into areas that have high vascularization in embryonic connective tissue in the formation of cell condensation or primary ossification centers. In intramembranous ossification, bone development occurs directly. Based on its embryological origin, there are two types of ossification, called intramembranous ossification that occurs in mesenchymal cells that differentiate into osteoblast in the ossification center directly without prior cartilage formation and endochondral ossification in which bone tissue mineralization is formed through cartilage formation first. After progenitor cells form osteoblastic lines, they proceed with three stages of development of cell differentiation, called proliferation, maturation of matrix, and mineralization. The process of bone formation is called osteogenesis or ossification.
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